No serious adverse effects were reported. The clinical significance of these effects appears to be minimal. Three RCTs reported a more rapid reduction in cough severity and/or frequency under ivy leaf treatment. All studies concluded that ivy leaf extract is an effective and safe option for the treatment of cough due to URTIs and bronchitis. Since the publication of our previous review, the number of RCTs has increased. Six RCTs, 1 CCT, and 4 OSs were identified. Two independent reviewers assessed records for eligibility and risk of bias and performed data extraction. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and observational studies (OSs) investigating ivy leaf mono- or combination preparations were included. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and clinical trial registries from December 2009 to January 2020. Our purpose was to update our previous systematic review and evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of ivy leaf in the treatment of acute URTIs in adult and pediatric populations. Non-antibiotic over-the-counter cough medications such as ivy leaf extract are frequently used but their efficacy is uncertain. dissertation.Acute cough due to viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and bronchitis is a common reason for patients to seek medical care. Assessing the potential of invasiveness in woody plants introduced in North America. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas.Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Invasive Plants.Pacific Northwest Exotic Pest Plant Council, 1998.Nonnative Invasive Species in Southern Forest and Grassland Ecosystems.Non-Native Invasive Plants of Arlington County, Virginia.New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team 2017 Invasive Species List. ![]() National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Exotic Plant Management Team Invasive Plant List.Maryland Invasive Species Council - Invasive Species of Concern in Maryland.Maryland Department of Natural Resources Policy: Restriction on Planting Exotic Invasive Plants.Home and Garden Information Center, Home and Garden Mimeo HG88. Maryland Cooperative Extension Service.Kentucky Exotic Pest Plant Council - Significant Threat.John Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Survey of TNC Preserves, 1995.Swearingen, Survey of invasive plants occurring on National Park Service lands, 2000-2007 Invasive Plant Species of West Virginia.Indiana Invasive Species Council - Invasive Plant List.Natural Resources, Bureau of Endangered Resources. Wisconsin manual of control recommendations for ecologically invasive plants. Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council - Category 1.City of Ann Arbor Michigan Parks and Recreation.Alaska Exotic Plant Information Clearinghouse.This plant has been confirmed as a reservoir for bacterial leaf scorch ( Xylella fastidiosa), which affects a wide variety of trees. The weight of vines also makes trees susceptible to blowing over in storms. ![]() An infested tree will exhibit decline for years before it dies. Vines climb up tree trunks and envelop branches and twigs, blocking sunlight from the host tree’s foliage, impeding photosynthesis. Ecological Threat Hedera helix is an aggressive invader threatening all levels of forested and open areas, growing along the ground as well as into the forest canopy. New plants grow easily from cuttings or stem fragments that make contact with the soil. Fruit Fruits are black with a fleshy outer layer and stone-like seeds. Flowers Flowering occurs in late summer to early fall, typically under full sun conditions flowers are small, greenish-yellow and occur in globular starburst type inflorescence at tips of flowering stems. ![]() Foliage Leaves are alternate, dark green, waxy, somewhat leathery extremely variable leaf forms, from unlobed to 3-5 lobed typically green with whitish veins. Appearance Hedera helix is an evergreen perennial climbing vine that attaches to bark of trees, brickwork and other surfaces by root-like structures that exude a glue-like substance to aid in adherence.
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